Pre-sentence Reports - 1650 Words

While looking at research done in Scotland and Canada, Pre-sentence reports (PSR), which are noted as Social Enquiry Reports within Scotland, are considered to be a key and influential aspect within their Criminal Justice System and the decision process on the subject of sentencing a custodial or non-custodial sentencing. While the idea of PSR’s are simple, to provide the court with personal information about the offender, such as circumstances that proved to be such a challenge, that he or she had abnormally excelled and expressed the ability to change for the better, and or have demonstrated that they have had a faulty character that could proveproves that a harsher sentencing is appropriate, or any other relevant information that the†¦show more content†¦The reason to this being a problem is because defence solicitors are under time restraints and therefore may not be able to get all the valid points of the report due to editing (Tata et all, 2008). Fourthly, the s tyle of the report to include the judges standards of being suitable to the sentencing and the National Sstandards of a PSR remain impartial to the offender and these two standards constraints the CJSW from expressing themselves (Tata et all., 2008). Finally, judges at times feel that CJSW do notn’t challenge the narrative enough and test the offenders story for it to even be considered (Tata et all., 2008). The CJSW documentation expresses situations where discrepancies were noted through reports, therefore destroying its credibility (Tata et all., 2008). For CJSW, striving to find a realistic sentence for an offender in the eyes of a judge is a difficult task, which can often, if quality of PSR is not up to the judges’ liking, effects the judges’ his or hers decision and therefore have an alternative effect on the offender (Tata et all., 2008). To further demonstrate the results of the realism of a PSR, a judge (Westword Sheriff 7 (ii)) states that â€Å"†¦ if the report’s unrealistic†¦ I think it does diminish the quality of the report. It diminishes the validity and the value of the report, if you’re getting such an unrealistic suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tata et all., 2008 p 841).Show MoreRelatedPretrial Release and Diversion Programs918 Words   |  4 Pagesof being a criminal will improve the juveniles life chances. Sentencing and Pre-sentencing Sentencing and pre-sentencing are important steps in a defendants trial. The sentence is a defendants punishment. It comes at the conclusion of a defendants trial. Criminal sentences have generally been focused on imprisonment, but criminal sentences can include things outside of prison sentences. For example, sentences can include restitution, probation or parole, community service, counseling, orRead MoreCriminal Justice Process for a Felony1790 Words   |  7 Pagesby law are; pre-arrest, arrest, initial court appearance, grand jury, preliminary hearing, arraignment, plea bargaining, trial, sentencing, appealing and the last is corrections or incarceration. The justice process is so detailed and strongly profound within the law. Some procedures are modified by the local courts. For instance, a case through the Michigans justice system progresses as follows. After the police are notified of the crime that has been committed, that is when the pre arrest stageRead MoreThe International Federation For Human Rights930 Words   |  4 Pageshuman rights – civil, political, economic, social and cultural – as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (â€Å"FIDH Annual Report 2014†, n.d.). They seek to accomplish this mission with three strategic pillars of action: securing the freedom and capacity to act for human rights defenders, the universality of rights, and their effectiveness (â€Å"FIDH Annual Report 2014†, n.d.). The organization relies on a vast network of volunteers and local actors to help accomplish their mission. Founded inRead MoreThere Are Many Social And Health Needs Of Prisoners, Some133 2 Words   |  6 Pagesthan 85,500 people, a quarter of them were serving a sentence that ranged between 1 and 4 years, whilst people on recall and serving a sentence of 1 year or less made up a total of 8% (Parliament. House of Commons, 2017). This has been highlighted as this paper will concentrate on short stay sentences within the prison environment as opposed to determinate or indeterminate sentences which make up the rest of the prison population. The Bradley Report stated that the care people need may not always beRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student s Phonic Skills Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesattends Poplar Hill Elementary School (pseudonym). Max is seven-years-old, and has attended Poplar Hill Elementary School since Pre-Kindergarten. He receives speech therapy services once a week since first grade, and is missing his front bottom teeth. He performs on a beginning reader (BR) reading level, and a below grade level for mathematics according to his student progress report. Word Study Letter Name Assessment Description of Assessment The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate a student’sRead MoreRussian Stock Market Analysis813 Words   |  4 PagesIn the screening process, the samples need to be sorted by rankings, and if there is no chairman’s statement shown in a one enterprise, it will be filtered directly and then jump to the next firm until all the profitable Russian companies with the report of the chairman are selected out. After investigation, it is found that all five Russian companies on the list are in line with the requirements of the sample: they are Lukoil, Rosneft Oil, Sberbankï ¼Å' VTB Bank and Surgutneftegas. Another group alsoRead MoreProbation and Punishment Essay674 Words   |  3 Pagesdeals with pre-sentence reports, and is specifically designed to help prepare you for your interview with the probation officer. It is designed to help you get fair treatment by the judicial system at this, one of the most important hearings in your case. As in the previous examples, the pr obation officer acts as the judges investigator as the courts advisor. The probation officer performs the investigation, prepares a report, and makes a recommendation to the judge as to what sentence you shouldRead MoreThe Government And Its Effects On The Minority Report By Philip K. Dick1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdystopic stories and novels, and as these stories start to unfold, one can see the flaws in which how government works and how if effects the rest of society. In the Minority Report, written by Philip K. Dick, the mechanisms of the government’s systems begins to show different flaws when surveillance is use to determine the pre-crime of major crimes, and what happens to their citizens once a verdict is reached. Any type of Government surveillance can do more harm than good, due to the fact they invadeRead MorePre Sentence Investigation ( Psi )832 Words   |  4 PagesPre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) are done in criminal cases and used to assist the Court in gettin g a clear picture of the defendant as possible so there can be a fair sentencing hearing. As the probation officer assigned to the offender s case the PSI will be used to make an initial assessment of needs and risks. Pursuant to Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure the PSI Report should contain the following: (A) identify all applicable guidelines and policy statements of the SentencingRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic And, And Medical Examiners1628 Words   |  7 Pagesilluminating the remains is the silver light of the moon. How did the body end up there? How long has it been there? How did this person die? One person, a forensic pathologist, can answer all of these bone-crushing questions. B. Necessary sentences / transition sentences / information/ Definition (1-3) (Citation) 1. â€Å"Forensic pathologists, or medical examiners, are specially trained physicians who examine the bodies of people who died suddenly, unexpectedly or violently† (â€Å"Forensic Pathologist†). 2.

Climate Change Is A Real Threat - 1105 Words

Climate Change is a Real Threat â€Å"Climate change is happening, humans are causing it, and I think it is perhaps the most serious environmental issue facing us.† This quote from Bill Nye illustrates the serious nature of climate change. Climate change is the most serious issue that is plaguing the world. Global temperatures have been increasing in recent years and it is clear that our climate is changing. Climate change is the change of temperature of our environment. A majority of scientists suspect that humans are causing climate change by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere which creates a greenhouse effect and warms the planet. The effects of climate change are far-reaching, impacting ocean life and plant life across the globe. It also†¦show more content†¦This could be disastrous for cities that are near the water. Business Insider states, â€Å"Scientists have identified 414 towns and cities in the United States that are guaranteed to eventually be underwaterâ €  (Sherlock). Climate change will not only be disastrous for people who live above ground, but also sea life that lives in the ocean. As CO2 concentrations increase in the atmosphere, larger quantities of CO2 becomes dissolved into the oceans. This creates carbonic acid in the oceans and makes the ocean more acidic. The increased acidity of the oceans is known as ocean acidification. According to the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, â€Å"the pH of surface ocean waters has fallen by 0.1 pH units. Since the pH scale is logarithmic, this change represents approximately a 30 percent increase in acidity† (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory). Shellfish and coral cannot withstand a large increase in acidity and this causes coral reefs to become bleached. Coral dies when the acidity becomes too high and this causes the rest of the reef to die along with it. Scientific American states, â€Å"growth and calcification of massive Porites in the Great Barrier Reef are a lready declining and are doing so at a rate unprecedented in coral records reaching back 400 years† (Biello). Coral bleaching continues to happen in coral reefs and will

Brave New World Genetic Engineering Essay Example For Students

Brave New World Genetic Engineering Essay A girl is born without Tay-Sachs disease, a devasting genetic disorder that hasdecimated a lot of babies worldwide. A leukemia patient has defective bonemarrow replaced with healthy bone marrow that was cloned from tissue from herown cells. These futuristic scenarios are not part of the debate for geneticengineering but they should be. Many people are afraid that somebody will cloneHitler or some evil person, but that is far from the fact. Genetic engineeringcan be used to make many aspects of human life better, including saving lives. The rapid development of humanitys ability to control the gene willeventually lead to a promising future for the entire planet as a whole. Geneticengineering resulted not from the belief that nature should be manipulated andperfected by humanity. Rather, its principle aim is, as of any other technology,to improve the quality of life for the people of this planet. Therefore, it isnecessary to weigh the benefits and consequences of this relatively recentbreakthrough and determine in which ways it can be used to humanitys bestadvantage. This speech will investigate the ways in which genetic engineeringaffects two important areas in todays society. The first one will be theimprovement of the worlds agricultural techniques. With an ever-increasinggrowth in world population, the Earths resources are constantly becomingscarce. The advent of genetic engineering may be used to avert the occurrence ofworldwide famine and starvation. The second one investigated will be in thefield of medical de velopment and study. Currently, genetic diseases aredecimating the worlds population. Thousands of people have already diedwithout a single worthy treatment or cure. Worldwide acceptance and support ofthis technology would aid in our battle against these diseases. According to theUnited Nations medium projections issued in 1990 (Population Council, 1994), theglobal population will be increasing from 5.3 billion in 1990 to 8.5 billion inthe year 2025. Consequently, there will be a much greater need for food,therefore accelerating further the consumption of Earths resources. Toachieve this, it would be necessary to extensively use agricultural technology. However our current use of pesticides and other chemical fertilizers pose aserious evironmental threat. Using genetic engineering would ultimately reducethe amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances we introduce into theenvironment. It would as well make food production more efficient thereforereducing distribution costs. Thanks to genetic engineering, Geneticists arecurrently able to create a resistant strain of the ordinary supermarket tomato(Pen*censored*, 1992). Using a technique called antisense genetics, the genethat is responsible for allowing tomatoes to soften and ripen can be transformedto produce the opposite effect. The billions of tomatoes that circulating allaround the world can therefore be made to resist the normal abuse of shippingand transport, and also having a longer shelf life. This practice could beapplied to all other sorts of fruits and vegetables. This would allow for lessof a waste of food therefore, putting less of a strain on human resources. Diseases and genetic defects have always been a major cause of concern for oursociety. Antibiotics, which used to be successful against pathogens, are nowstarting to become useless since the viruses have become resistant to themedications administered. Therefore a proposed alternative is the use of geneticengineering or more specifically, gene therapy, to cure diseases at the DNAlevel. This method is known as biotechnology and can aid in the treatment ofdiseases like a hormone defiency. Currently, a common diagnostic practice withunborn fetuses is the process of genetic screening. A needle is inserted intothe uterus of the pregnant woman and is used to extract some amniotic fluid. Asa result, several hundred diseases and defects can be diagnosed before birth(Office of Technology, 1990). Therefore parents can choose to have an abortionif they do not want their child to have a defect. For over two centuries,vaccination has changed very little from the time of Edward Jenner, the firstph ysician to have ever tried the method on a human being (Yong Kang, 1989). Butthis process has now become obsolete because by killing the virus, it is morelikely to mutate into a more resistant strain for which is incurable. As aresult, every new strain would require a new vaccine costing more money andtime. A new method of producing vaccines is currently being studied and involvesrecombining the DNA of the virus so that it will not be able to reproduce. Thiswould be as effective