Vital Pieces of Biology Extended Essay Topics

Vital Pieces of Biology Extended Essay Topics What Does Biology Extended Essay Topics Mean? Whether there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it could be too narrow. Among other requirements for the lengthy essay, there's a point about topics. If you can discover a topic which lends itself to rigorous debate and, naturally, write well on the topic, you may give yourself an obvious benefit. Be that as it might, the topic for your essay is a critical thing that has to be chosen carefully and with higher precision. You should also think about citing the sources as you are writing. Choice of topic It is necessary that the elongated essay has an obvious chemical emphasis and is not more closely related to some other subject. In these cases, only the essential non-chemistry information should be given in the debut, since the essay is going to be marked on its chemical content. The main reason why some may experience difficulties with their essays is because they choose the incorrect topic. Sorry if you were searching for specific topic ideas. As is true with extended essays, there's a question as a portion of the topic. Your topic should adhere to these guidelines so as to be considered. Detecting a topic may be tedious job but after you find one, it is going to begin to find a good deal easier. The Little-Known Secrets to Biology Extended Essay Topics Writing a long biology essay can be a real job. It's really important to pick a productive topic when you're writing an elongated biology essay. For a student who's taking up a class in biology, it's essential for you to realize that at some point in time you're going to be requested to compose an essay. It's possible to create an elongated essay in chemistry where the student has used data collected elsewhere as the main source. The Fight Against Biology Extended Essay Topics Textbooks should not ever be the only supply of information. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. M any students find it tough to complete the essay properly or on time since they are already dealing with other core demands of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program like the CAS component that demands a student to complete 150 hours of unique pursuits. Too often students require the internet for every one of their secondary research. Experiments involving animals have to be based on observing and measuring aspects of pure animal behaviour. If you select a topic on human diseases and their behaviors, it is going to be difficult for you to experiment your ideas and ideas. You won't be in a position to study human disease or animal behavior due to the guidelines. If you're talking about malnutrition in children, you ought to choose an area of the World and choose how malnutrition effects these children. In chemistry, it's almost always pertinent to think about unresolved questions and to suggest areas for additional investigation. Discuss how biology is presently being used in managing threats to global peace. Broad or elaborate survey topics (for instance, investigations into health problems brought on by water pollution, chemotherapy for cancer treatment or the usage of spectroscopy in chemical analysis) will not permit the student to talk about conflicting suggestions and theories, nor to create an in-depth personal analysis within the term limit. If you're able to do that, there's an incredibly great likelihood you will easily be in a superb place to ace the paper. Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! The secret lies in having the capacity to check at a number of the typical stuff that you encounter from time to time, and decipher some great titles from that point. You're in the proper location. Biology Extended Essay Topics and Biology Extended Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination It makes an IB extended essay stick out from the remainder of the academic assignments. An elongated essay is a kind of academic writing assignment, which success rides on the structure. Select a teacher who will choose the opportunity to read several drafts and provide you extensive notes. You've finally found an adequate place to compose my papers. Students should work through the list to guarantee they have completed the important sections of the Extended Essay. Say, as an example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay.

Break Up Topic Essay - How to Write a Great Topic

Break Up Topic Essay - How to Write a Great TopicIf you are going to write a topic essay for your home school course, you will need to decide on an idea of break up topic. A lot of students skip this step, because they don't feel like it is necessary.This, however, is a mistake as this article is not for the high school student who wants to pursue a Master's degree in the subject of History or English. If you want to go to university, it will be very beneficial for you to go through this step as it will help you plan your topic.When you are doing your home school course, this type of essay might not apply to you as a high school student because you already have your career goals set. However, as a college student, you may be involved in an extracurricular activity, or you might have a social life and desire to find a social network of college students. So, it is very important for you to remember this.Remember, writing a topic based on breakup topic is not something that is easy to d o. There are many mistakes that you can make with this topic. Therefore, do your research and then apply what you find.An excellent idea could be to look for similarities between your friends and other people that you know. Just be careful not to compare yourself to someone else because you don't want to come across as unoriginal. Then, when you choose the topic, choose a general theme from among the similarities that you found.After you have written this down, find your theme and apply it to your essay. If you find two, three, or four similarities continue to repeat these themes until you get through the paper. In addition, make sure that each of your themes is connected to one another, because if you don't, you run the risk of losing your audience.You might also have a common theme in your life or career. Write about this in your paper. For example, if you are in an accounting firm, you can write about how your early interest in financial accounting and management led you to choos e the field of business administration, and this can tie into the idea of break up topic.By following these steps, you will not only be able to succeed in this type of essay, but you will also build some really powerful and impactful connections between your topic and your career. After all, if you can successfully tie break up the topic to your career in a way that people can relate to, you will have created a tremendous impact on the reader.

The Tried and True Method for Creative Classification Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Creative Classification Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail Most Noticeable Creative Classification Essay Topics The secret is to select a stimulating subject that will motivate you to be on the lookout for more answers and hence you might have the ability to think of an impressive essay. When writing such an essay, it is simpler to comprehend what is expected of you once you've got a topic in mind. Now you have found your way through Shakespeare essay topic, prompts, and the ideas, it's always best to check up with brief biographical information which is wise to put in your essay! The introductory paragraph attempts to provide a synopsis of the subject matter which is being classified. You should explain how you'll classify different items in the debut of your essay. Starting with a fundamental thesis at the start of your work, don't hesitate to polish it later on, as soon as your essay starts to take some shape. The entire essay needs to be written in accordance with the thesis statement. Creative Classification Essay Topics - the Conspiracy A brilliant paper is certain to be a consequence of working in a calm peaceful area at which you can write, think and innovate. It's crucial to define the order you're going to place the categories in your paper when describing them. If you don't have an idea how to begin, begin with an outline. When choosing the one or making your own idea of the research work, pick the theme, which will make it possible for you to write about certain well-defined categories. The Nuiances of Creative Classification Essay Topics For instance, a list of United States presidents could possibly be grouped in any range of ways, based on your goal. This deficiency of knowledge can get evident when attempting to categorise the subject. The essential secret to a prosperous work on this topic is to come across a motivating subject, some matter or problem which will provide you with a stimulus to look for answers. Rarely the work on the research papers go smoothly with no confusion, you can come to a standstill sooner or later or feel tension on account of the time limitations set. The Upside to Creative Classification Essay Topics When you're classifying something you're putting it in a category. As soon as you've chosen your points, be certain to comment on all them for every one of the categories. To aid you with your choice what things to write, classification essay topics in many categories are provided below. Moreover, when you choose your subject, take some time to make certain you've thought of ever y possible category. It's important to not forget that every category ought to have a single base for classification. Next, you are going to want to think of how many categories there are. The very first category ought to be the least important category. Provide an overview of every category. For example, the classifications could be close relatives, distant relatives and deceased relatives. You can't, you might turn into a different individual. Generally speaking, you aren't required to mention each and every individual, event or object which goes into the specific group, especially if it's way too wide. Mind that each one of the names should be of the very same sort of the word, for instance, all adjectives or nouns. You are going to have the chance to offer lots of examples to back up your arguments. A good example is whenever you are grouping people. It's important to not forget that the transitions from 1 category to another one ought to be smooth, clear for the reader and might too reveal your individual sympathies as a writer. You may arrange then in a descending order when it comes to price. Men and women work out for different factors. Ordering categoriesOrder is the fashion you arrange ideas to demonstrate how they relate to one another. It's often advisable to write about topics you know. You can pick one topic and rewrite it to produce your own theme. If this is the case, you've got yourself an excellent topic. Making stream-of-consciousness lists are sometimes a handy approach to explore a topic. The Nuiances of Creative Classification Essay Topics Write what it is you are personally passionate about, categorize yourself from some angle and you're going to observe that written college assignments can be created easy and be an excellent fun. If you're a college student, odds are you have recent knowledge in picking a college major. An individual might be able to surmise a few specifics about a student till they put pencil to paper or even speak. Ev en if you previously have a problem assigned by your teacher, we're sure our guide will help you to prevent the usual mistakes. It ought to be remembered that almost every facet of the essay can be split up into categories, but they might not all be well suited for an intriguing essay. Classification essays aren't very popular with professors. Initially sight, writing a classification essay may appear straightforward, yet this undertaking isn't as straightforward as students would like it to be. Find out 50 the most fascinating classification essay topics. Plan your essay whenever you're certain about the topic and you understand how you'll make your classification, you must structure your classification essay. There are lots of disciplines that you want to write classification essays for. Locate a foundation for classification The next matter to do is to ascertain which basis you will make classification on. Moreover, now you are in possession of a brilliant classification essay topic, and you are able to dive right into the practice of essay writing.

Argumentative Essay Samples

Argumentative Essay SamplesArgumentative essay samples PDF technology is a great way to get your hands on the material necessary to complete the semester. That is, if you have a high school level text book. Most students do not, and that is why PDF technology is often not even used in classroom environments.Why not? Because as arguments go, it is hard to come up with good examples to base an essay on when you cannot even get hold of a real life example for your student to follow. However, with argumentative essay samples PDF technology, you can get to read about how good a certain concept is.Take this example for example: 'The main idea behind the invention of fire was to use the smoke from cooking and heating to turn wood into the fire.' Can you see how this example can be used as an argument? Many people have a similar opinion and reading these arguments can give your students an idea of what to look for when discussing the subject of why fire was invented in the first place.You co uld also use examples like this to help teach students the technical jargon that is often found in the science and math fields. Take this example for example: 'Almost all the technical terms that are used in the study of meteorology refer to the atmospheric motions.' Again, the idea here is that students will learn the right kind of jargon to use in the sciences so that they understand the scientific method.As you can see, it is a great tool, not only for teaching but for learning and studying as well. In order to get started with argumentative essay samples PDF technology, all you need to do is find a high quality source that can provide you with the materials you need to get started.Since there are so many high quality sources out there, it can be difficult to determine which of them are going to be the best for you. So, the best way to get started is to start at the beginning.Start with a high-quality sources like Khan Academy or Learn You A Language - both of which can provide y ou with many examples of essay samples PDF technology. Once you have access to these resources, you can determine which ones you like the best, and then start using the materials to help your students learn and study for their exams and other requirements.As you can see, argumentative essay samples PDF technology is a useful tool for your classroom. After all, it helps to save you having to do all the tedious research on your own, as well as allowing you to get some of the materials you need without having to pay a heavy price for them.

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Essay Example

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Paper 1. Introduction An initial public offering (IPO) is defined as the first offering of shares by a private company to the public. A share is one of a finite number of equal portions of the capital of a company that entitles the shareholder to a proportion of distributed, non-reinvested profits known as dividends, and to a portion of the value of the company in case of liquidation. Shares can be either voting or non-voting, meaning that the shareholder may have the right to vote on the board of directors and thus the corporate policy (Draho, 2004). The money the private company raises through the issuance of shares is either transferred to the original investors of the company, used to pay-off existing debt, used to finance operating expenses, or, is used to fund future company projects. The ability to conduct an IPO efficiently and effectively encourages entrepreneurship and economic growth through increasing the availability of equity and lowering the cost of equity finance (Kleeburg, 2005). The following report introduces a generic process of an IPO without detailing specifics for an individual country or region. The advantages and disadvantages of choosing an IPO to raise capital is then discussed followed by an examination of the various pricing and allocation techniques that are commonly adopted in the IPO. The final section uses the 2002 IPO of JetBlue as a case study to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the discussed pricing techniques. 2. The IPO Process Jenkinson and Ljungqvist (2001) define 5 generic steps that are required to be undertaken in the process of raising equity through an IPO: We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Figure 2. 1 – Five generic steps undertaken in the process of an IPO Each of the 5 steps are briefly discussed in the following section paying particular attention to the role of the investment bank and the pricing and allocation decision. 2. 1. The Choice of Market It is important to note that the act of ‘going public’ has two distinct requirements: †¢Investors who are willing to purchase the shares †¢Exchange regulatory conditions that companies must meet Historically, the first aspect of finding investors has not been of great concern, however, given the increasing levels of integration of global financial markets companies are able to select the market that best suits their requirements. The choice of market is therefore essentially focussed on ensuring that there is enough depth within the market so that the company can raise the amount of equity required and that the company is able to comply with the regulations imposed by the stock exchanges and their regulatory bodies (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). . 2. Producing a Prospectus The second stage of an IPO is the preparation and lodgement of a prospectus with the market regulatory authorities. A prospectus sets out the terms of the equity issue and provides information on the financial and management performance of the issuing company. It is used to ensure adequate information is provided so that investors can make an informed investment decision (ASX, 2008). Investment banks ar e usually engaged to assist in the preparation of the prospectus to ensure due diligence has been performed. Due diligence refers to the process of providing reasonable grounds that there is nothing in the prospectus that is misleading, and typically involves reviewing company contracts and tax returns, visiting company offices and facilities and interviewing company and industry personnel (Draho, 2004). This prospectus usually includes either a fixed price for the offer (where a predetermined price has been established) or an initial price range (a first ‘best guess’ on the price) that have been determined by the investment bank. With the latter technique the initial price range is usually modified throughout the remaining stages of the IPO (Brau and Fawcett, 2006). 2. 3. Marketing Having produced a prospectus, the next stage is marketing the issue to investors. This marketing can take place in a variety of forms and usually involves a road show, where the issuing firm and the investment bank conduct presentations to a high concentration of institutional investors. Where the offer price has already been established (i. e. fixed price offering) the main purpose of the marketing stage is to elicit bids from investors. Where an indicative price range has been given, the key purpose is to produce expressions of interest and thus begin the process of book building. Book building encompasses the collating of non-legally binding offers of price and quantity that is used to develop a demand curve and thus a more accurate price range for the subscription (Geddes, 2003). An important aspect that influences the marketin g technique is the role of the investment bank as the underwriter. Underwriting can be in the form of a firm commitment, where the investment bank accepts the risk of the issue by agreeing to purchase any securities that had not been subscribed, or on a best efforts basis, where the investment bank agrees to only use its expertise to sell the securities to the best of their abilities (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). 2. 4. Pricing and Allocation Where a fixed priced is initially established, it is typical for either heavy over or under subscription to occur. In these cases, allocation methods such as pro rata allocation, retail investor bias allocation or random allocation are utilised depending on the policies imposed by the market regulators (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Where book building has occurred, if the issue is oversubscribed the allocation is typically based on either a common strike price (where a single price is quoted and allocation is based on the amount of information contained in the bid and/or the investor reputation), or, allocation and pricing starting from the highest bid downward until the issue demand is fully met (Draho, 2004). . 5. After the IPO Once the final pricing and allocation decisions have been made, trading in the shares usually commences within a few days. In some countries it is typical for the investment bank to be involved in a price stabilisation process where the principal purpose is to protect the downward price pressure once trading begins. This process of price stabilisation is usually linked with the granting of an over-allotment option (typically 15% of the total number of shares issued) which have usually been sold during the marketing process (Geddes, 2003). 3. Advantages / Disadvantages of the IPO Decision There are considerable advantages with obtaining equity through the IPO process. There are, however, some drawbacks that also need to be taken into consideration. Table 3. 1 outlines the key advantages and disadvantages as outlined by Fishman (1993). AdvantagesDisadvantages The partners can obtain a true value of the shares they possess in the companyThe market is extremely unpredictable and an unsuccessful IPO can result in a great loss of time as well as money for the company Partners can remove their signatures from the lines of credit and thus, are no longer personally liable to the creditorsThe ownership of the partners is dissolved and they become mere employees who are responsible to the shareholders and Board of Directors The overall financial condition of a company is improved as it brings in non-refundable moneyContinuous dealing with shareholders and the press is a time-consuming process A broader capital base gives the company more access to credit which gives the company an option to venture into new business opportunitiesShareholders judge the performance of the company on the basis of the profits and stock price and may cause managers to overlook the long-term strategic objectives Capital raised in an IPO can be used to pay off debt and t hus reduce the interest costs and enhance the company’s debt to equity ratioThe company needs to make nation-wide presentations about its performance to the interested shareholders, brokers and the investment bankers The value of the stock may see an upward trend thus increasing the initial investors financial wealthThe company’s continued success may bring a lot of close scrutiny by the public When a company goes public, it attracts the attention of the media and financial community thus providing free publicity and helps in creating a better corporate imageLarge amounts of fees and expenses are associated with a public company on a continual basis commissions, advertising costs, securities exchange fees etc. By going public and listing on a stock exchange it can directly foster public reputation in general Table 3. – Advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process 4. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical par t of the process. In both fixed price and book building offers some form of initial price must be determined by the investment bank. The key methods that are used to determine the value of a company and thus the initial IPO price include (Geddes, 2003): †¢Discounting Methods – based on a firms intrinsic value (future cash flows) †¢Comparable Multiples Method: value based on similar publicly traded companies 4. 1. Discounting Methods Theoretically, the price of a share is derived by discounting all future cash flows that accrue to shareholders. These techniques are used throughout industry, however, they do suffer in practical application due to the risk associated with forecasting both revenue and expenses (Draho, 2004). The two most frequently used discounting methods include the discounted free cash flows (DCF) and a residual income model (RIM). 4. 1. 1. Discounted Free Cash Flows Free cash flows are defined as the cash flows from operations after investment in working capital and any capital expenditures. These cash flows are considered more appropriate than accounting earnings which include non cash items such as depreciation that cannot be used to pay shareholders. Cash flows are used to pay dividends and thus capture true value for the investor. These cash flows are then discounted using a risk adjusted rate. The rate is estimated either by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for a 100% equity company or by calculating the weighted average cost of capital of the firm’s debt and equity (Geddes, 2003). 4. 1. 2. Residual Income Model The DCF model requires accounting earnings to be converted to cash flows. This is considered inappropriate as accounting values do not take into consideration the time value of money and may be subject to manipulation by way of accounting methods. The RIM is similar to the DCF method in that both methods use a risk adjusted discount rate. The RIM model, however, utilises the difference between the realised earnings and the expected earnings, where the expected earnings is the cost of equity multiplied by the start of period equity book value (Draho, 2004). 4. 2. Comparable Multiples This is the most common method used by investment banks to value IPO’s. Its fundamental approach is the comparison of ratios of companies that operate in similar businesses that possess the same characteristics of risk, current and future profitability and growth prospects (Geddes, 2003). There are number of ratios that can be used under this method, the most common being: †¢Price/Earnings multiples †¢Price/EBIT †¢Market value/Book value †¢Price/sales The successful application of this method lies in choosing an appropriate comparison company. One method used by practitioners is to select up to 10 company’s operating within the same industry and to use the group’s median multiple to value the issuer. The second and most common method is to select 3-4 companies that are direct competitors within the particular industry to the issuer. The third method is to use multiples of firms that have recently gone public assuming all issuers share common valuation multiples (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Comparable multiples is a popular method to value an IPO due to its simplicity and accuracy (Richardson and Tinaikar 2004). With the use of multiples there is no need to estimate the cost of capital, neither is there a need to depend on forecasted earnings and assumptions of valuation models. The use of multiples is supported by the idea that relevant ratios capture the markets estimate of risk and growth (Zarowin, 1990). 5. JetBlue Pricing Table 5. shows the results of utilising the techniques discussed in the previous section for determining the share price for the 2002 JetBlue IPO (for complete calculations see Appendix 1 and 2). The initial subscription price of the IPO was given by th e investment bank (in this case Morgan Stanley) at $22-$24 and this was revised to $25-$26 during the book building process. MethodShare Price ($) Discounted Cash Flow Free Cash Flows$94. 00 Industry Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$40. 38 Market Value / Book Value$115. 22 Price / EBIT$33. 13 EBIT Multiple Leading$38. 92 Competitor Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$97. 06 Market Value / Book Value$274. 54 Price / EBIT$88. 33 EBIT Multiple Leading$65. 10 Recent IPOs EBIT Multiple Leading$40. 37 Table 5. 1 – Share prices for the JetBlue IPO using the different techniques It should be noted that the JetBlue opening share price, this being the price of the stock at the end of the first day of trading, was $50. 30 demonstrating that the IPO was heavily underpriced. The price peaked in September 2003 at just above $90. 00. JetBlue’s current trading price is approximately $17. 21 (after adjusting its actual price of $5. 10 for the three 3:2 share splits and dividends distributed). This shows that there has been a significant loss since the shares began trading in April 2002 (for historical monthly stock price data see Appendix 3). This could reflect either changing market conditions since the IPO or inadequate pricing techniques used at the time of the IPO. Table 5. 1 demonstrates the wide range of share prices that can be achieved depending on the technique that is adopted. The free cash flows technique utilised Southwest Airlines data, assumptions for the airline industry and cash flows given from JetBlue management (see Appendix 1). This value was quite high but reflects high investor demand which took the share price above $90. 00. Of the comparable multiple techniques, the industry average and recent IPO methods reflect the first day closing price, whereas, the competitor average technique reflects similar results to the discounted cash flow technique. Recognising that the discounted cash flow method utilises data for Southwest Airlines that may not accurately represent JetBlue’s conditions, a sensitivity analysis was conducted (see table 5. 2). The four variables that were examined were the horizontal growth rate, the beta (a measure of company returns relative to market returns), the credit rating and the debt to equity ratio. VariableShare Price ($) Growth Rate Forecasted4%$94. 00 Optimistic5%$133. 44 Conservative3%$64. 18 Beta Forecasted1. 3$94. 00 Optimistic1. 1$149. 74 Conservative1. 5$52. 78 Credit Rating (spread) ForecastedBa (3. 00%)$94. 00 OptimisticBaa (1. 50%)$96. 37 ConservativeB (5. 0%)$90. 90 Debt / Equity Ratio Forecasted5. 0%$94. 00 Optimistic10. 0%$108. 03 Conservative2. 5%$86. 96 Table 5. 2 – Sensitivity analysis of share price for fluctuations in the growth rate, beta and credit spread Changes in the value of beta, the perpetual growth rate and the debt to equity ratio provide considerable variatio n in the calculated share price. Credit rating had little influence over the final value. As the premise of the discounting cash flow method is the forecasting of data, this sensitivity analysis demonstrates that caution should be used when relying on this technique given the uncertainty of forecasting information. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the initial public offering (IPO) process involves a decision on which market is used to raise the funds, the preparation of a prospectus to meet regulatory conditions, marketing of the issuance to institutional investors and a pricing and allocation decision based on the type of subscription that is being offered (fixed price or book building). The key challenge for both the issuing firm and potential investors is the pricing of the shares. The two key techniques of discounted cash flows and comparable multiples, demonstrate that considerable variation in value can occur depending on the technique used. The reliability and accuracy of forecasted and historical data is also of considerable importance in ensuring accurate pricing. In order to overcome many of the disadvantages of an IPO, accurate pricing is paramount to ensure ongoing investor involvement. To draw any conclusion on the accuracy of techniques from this case study would be inappropriate, however, the complexities of the pricing decision has been quite clearly demonstrated. 7. Reference List Australian Securities Exchange. (2008, February 29). Listing on ASX. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from http://www. asx. com. au/professionals/listing/index. htm Brau, J. Fawcett, S. (2006). Initial public offerings: An analysis of theory and practice. The Journal of Finance, 61(1), 399-436. Draho, J. (2004). The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Fabozzi, F. Modigliani, F. (2003). Capital Markets: Institutions and Instruments (2nd ed. ). New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Fishman, L. (1993). Going public: The pro’s and cons. The Secured Lender. 49(4), 58-60. Geddes, R. (2003). IPO’s and Equity Offerings. Oxford, UK. Butterworth-Heinemann. Jenkinson, T. Ljungqvist, A. (2001). Going Public: The Theory and Evidence on How Companies Raise Equity Finance (2nd ed. ). United States: Oxford University Press Inc. Kleeburg, R. (2005). Initial Public Offering. Ohio, Thomson. Richardson, Gordon D, and Surjit Tinaikar. (2004). Accounting based valuation models: what have we learned? Accounting and Finance, 44(2), 223-255. Zarowin, Paul. 1990. What determines earnings-price ratios: Revisited. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 5(3), 455-457.